Glossary
Debt ranking behind senior lenders but ahead of shareholders, priced higher to reflect the weaker position on enforcement.
Leveraged Finance
from Banking & Finance
Leveraged finance is the engine room of private equity. When a PE sponsor acquires a company via a leveraged buyout (LBO), the purchase price is funded with a mix of the sponsor's own equity and significant amounts of borrowed money — often 50–70% debt. The debt package typically includes senior secured term loans (ranking first in the repayment waterfall), a revolving credit facility for working capital, and sometimes mezzanine debt or high-yield bonds sitting behind the senior debt. The security package — charges over the target's shares, assets, and bank accounts — is what gives senior lenders their priority. Lawyers drafting these structures must navigate the financial assistance rules (under s.678–680 Companies Act 2006), which stop a public company from helping fund the purchase of its own shares. The prohibition was lifted for private companies in 2008, and the old whitewash clearance procedure went with it, so the rules now bite mainly where a public company sits in the structure. That is one practical reason a bidder will often take a listed target private before the acquisition debt is pushed down into it.
Facility Agreement
The core lending contract between borrower and lenders, setting out the terms of the loan including amount, interest rate, repayment schedule, covenants, and events of default.
Syndicated Loan
A loan provided by a group of lenders (the syndicate), coordinated by an arranging bank, spreading the credit risk of a large facility across multiple institutions.
LMA (Loan Market Association)
The trade body that publishes standard-form loan documentation used as the starting point for most European syndicated loan and leveraged finance transactions.
Leveraged Buyout (LBO)
An acquisition funded predominantly with borrowed money, typically by a private equity sponsor, where the debt is secured against the acquired company's assets and cash flows.
SONIA
The Sterling Overnight Index Average — the near risk-free benchmark interest rate that replaced LIBOR for sterling lending, based on actual overnight transactions in the sterling money market.
Intercreditor Agreement (ICA)
A contract between different classes of lender governing priority of repayment, rights to enforce security, and conduct during a restructuring — critical in leveraged deals with multiple debt tranches.
Financial Covenant
A clause requiring the borrower to maintain specified financial ratios (e.g., leverage, interest cover) tested at regular intervals, breach of which constitutes an event of default.
Security Package
The bundle of charges, pledges, and assignments granted by the borrower and its group companies over their assets in favour of lenders, providing collateral for the loan.