Glossary
The arbitration mechanism through which foreign investors bring claims against host states under bilateral or multilateral investment treaties.
Governing Law
The legal system chosen by the parties to determine their contractual rights and obligations — English law is the most common choice for international commercial contracts.
Jurisdiction Clause
A contractual provision specifying which courts have the power to hear disputes arising from the agreement.
Sanctions
Restrictions imposed by governments on trade, financial transactions, or dealings with specific countries, entities, or individuals for foreign policy or security reasons.
Export Controls
Laws restricting the export of military, dual-use, and sensitive goods and technology to certain destinations or end-users.
BIT (Bilateral Investment Treaty)
An agreement between two states establishing protections for foreign investors, including rights to fair treatment and compensation for expropriation.
Transfer Pricing
The rules governing how transactions between related entities in different jurisdictions are priced, designed to prevent profit shifting to low-tax jurisdictions.
Force Majeure
A contractual clause excusing performance when extraordinary events beyond the parties' control (war, natural disaster, pandemic) make it impossible or impracticable.